PowerSchool Cyber Attack: Understanding School Liability and Legal Actions

When a third-party vendor (such as PowerSchool) suffers a data breach involving school data, the school (as the Data Controller in many jurisdictions) typically retains primary responsibility for the protection of personal information belonging to students, parents, and staff. This obligation stems from various data protection and privacy laws that set out the duties and liabilities of organizations which decide “how and why” personal data is processed. Below is a general overview of the potential liability and types of legal action stakeholders might bring against a school in such a scenario.

Disclaimer: The following information is provided for general purposes and does not constitute legal advice.

1. Potential Liability of the School

Liability under Data Protection/Privacy Laws

• As the Data Controller, a school is responsible for ensuring that due diligence is carried out when appointing vendors (Data Processors), like PowerSchool; and that appropriate measures are in place to protect personal data.
• In the event of a vendor breach, a school must typically:
  • Investigate the incident.
  • Assess the scope and impact on individuals (students, staff, parents).
  • Determine whether notification to regulators and affected individuals is required by law.
  • Demonstrate that it had proper vendor management processes (e.g., Vendor Assessments, Records of Processing Activities, Data Protection Impact Assessments).
• If it is found that the school did not take adequate steps to safeguard personal information, or if it failed to meet its obligations under applicable data protection laws (e.g., EU GDPR, US state-level privacy laws, or other national regulations), it could be subject to regulatory fines and enforcement actions.

Contractual Liability

• Schools often have agreements (contracts) with parents and staff concerning the safeguarding of student information. If such agreements include privacy and data protection provisions, a breach might open the school to breach of contract claims if the school is found to have violated those contractual obligations.

Reputational Damage

• Even if a school meets all legal obligations, reputation is at stake when a breach occurs. This can lead to loss of trust by parents and staff, decreased student enrollment, and challenges in recruiting quality staff.

2. Types of Legal Actions Stakeholders Could Bring

Negligence Claims

• Parents, students, or staff could allege that the school was negligent in protecting personal data (e.g., failing to perform due diligence on PowerSchool or not responding adequately to known risks).
• In jurisdictions where negligence is a recognized cause of action for data breaches, an affected individual would need to prove that the school owed them a duty of care, breached that duty, and caused damages as a result.

Breach of Contract

• Where there is an express or implied contract between the school and parents/staff that includes a commitment to protect data, a data breach could result in a breach of contract lawsuit.
• Some enrollment contracts or staff employment agreements may have clauses covering confidentiality or data protection.

Statutory Claims under Data Protection/Privacy Regulations

• In the US, parents or students may seek remedies (depending on state privacy laws) if their personally identifiable information is compromised and it leads to harm (e.g., identity theft).
• Under EU GDPR or similar comprehensive data laws worldwide, data subjects (students, parents, staff) have the right to claim compensation for material or non-material damage resulting from a breach of GDPR obligations.
• Even in the absence of direct legal action, regulators themselves can initiate actions resulting in fines or corrective orders against the school.

Class Action or Group Litigation

• In some jurisdictions, if a large number of individuals are affected, plaintiffs may form a class action (or group litigation) to consolidate their claims against the school. These can lead to more significant liability exposure.

Consumer Protection or Unfair Business Practices Claims

• Depending on the jurisdiction, certain consumer protection statutes or unfair/deceptive practices laws may apply if the school made assurances about data privacy that were not upheld.

3. Grounds for These Legal Actions

Failure to Exercise Reasonable Care / Negligence

• Plaintiffs may allege that the school’s security measures or vendor oversight protocols were inadequate (e.g., outdated policies, insufficient vetting of PowerSchool’s security measures). As demonstrated in 9ine’s Vendor Management platform, PowerSchool's Data Processing Agreement includes residual issues/ risks that schools need to manage, not adequate protection against these issues / risks could be grounds for legal action.

Noncompliance with Statutory Requirements

• Data protection laws typically specify:
  • Timeframes for breach notification (e.g., “within 72 hours” for the GDPR).
  • Documentation and due diligence requirements (e.g., Data Protection Impact Assessments, Vendor Assessments).
  • Transparency duties to inform individuals.
• If the school fails to comply, they risk regulatory penalties and private lawsuits (where permitted).

Breach of a Contractual Clause

• Enrollment or employment agreements that include confidentiality and data protection clauses can provide the basis for a contractual claim if they are not adhered to.

Misrepresentation

• If the school claimed a certain level of data protection or security compliance (for instance, in policy documents or marketing materials) and those claims were untrue or misleading, stakeholders could argue misrepresentation or unfair business practice.

4. Key Takeaways for Schools

1. Incident Response Compliance

   • Follow internal breach policies/procedures and conduct a thorough incident investigation to determine what data was affected, who was impacted, and the potential risks. 9ine’s Incident Management platform is one way to discharge this liability. Our template assessment for PowerSchool is available here.

2. Vendor Management & Due Diligence

   • Maintain up-to-date Vendor Assessments, Data Processing Agreements, and Data Protection Impact Assessments.
   • Review PowerSchool’s security measures and breach response protocols, and document any remedial actions they have taken or promised.
   • 9ine’s Vendor Management Platform is designed to provide schools with a ‘traffic light’ view of risks and issues pertaining to each Vendor’s compliance. Subscribing to this platform gives you access to all the assessments and allows you to request additional vendors to be assessed / vetted.

3. Notification Obligations

   • Determine if the law in your jurisdiction imposes any reporting obligation to data subjects and/or regulators.
   • If notification thresholds are met, provide timely and clear communications (often via email) to affected individuals and relevant supervisory authorities or regulators.

4. Proactive Contractual Protections

   • Ensure that contracts with third-party vendors (e.g., PowerSchool) contain strong data protection clauses, including breach notification timelines, indemnification, and liability allocation.
   • 9ine’s assessment of PowerSchool’s contract demonstrates a number of missing requirements in a number of these areas meaning that schools in certain jurisdictions are holding additional potential liability and risk.

5. Mitigation for the Future

   • Regularly review and update the school’s Incident and Data Breach Policy and Procedures. 9ine’s Incident Management Platform is designed to streamline incident response, supporting objective evaluation and evidencing a risk based approach to managing fallout.
   • Offer guidance and resources to affected individuals (e.g., password resets, monitoring for phishing attempts, identity theft protection if necessary).

In summary, schools typically face potential liability if they cannot demonstrate appropriate due diligence and compliance with data protection laws, particularly as they remain the ultimate “decision makers” (i.e., Data Controllers). Stakeholders may pursue claims for negligence, breach of contract, statutory violations, or unfair business practices—often hinging on whether the school took reasonably expected steps to safeguard personal data and respond properly to the breach. Ensuring robust vendor management, swift breach response, and clear communication with regulators and individuals can help mitigate these risks.

9ine’s products have been designed to support schools in managing complex areas of risk, such as data privacy and protection; doing so in a cost effective way, reducing time and limiting overall liability.

For further questions and answers related to the PowerSchool cyberattack please see our FAQS page here.